As India positions itself as an emerging superpower of 21st Century, we need to go for excellence in all spheres and not mediocrity. It should be ensured that Merit needs to be the prime yardstick in any selection. This can be surely done only if we discourage caste based reservation system. This year, we are celebrating 75 years of Independence. If in 75 years, we are not able to raise the standards of socially backward castes, it will never happen. Initially, reservations were made for 10 years but the vote bank politics has prohibited all parties to avoid abolition of caste based reservations. It’s rightly said- “When you can’t scrap the reservations, get yourself included in the privileged class.” Therefore, the clamour for more and more castes to be included in reserved classes. The General Category wants to go into OBC and OBC wants to go into SC/ST and hence the race continues for down-gradation of social status to curry favours of reserved classes. The students of general Category today ask- What’s my fault if I am born in an upper class family? OR, why should I be penalized today, if somebody’s forefathers were oppressed many generations earlier??
Genesis
The caste system was very much present in the 19th and 20th Century. At that time, the thought process was that if some quota is provided to such oppressed and underprivileged classes, their status and economic condition will be lifted and they will be able to join the mainstream after a few years. The genesis of reservation goes back to pre-Independence era. Even prior to India’s independence and the provision of reservations in the Constitution, several princely states had granted special status and quotas in various forms to lower castes. The Government of India Act, 1935 provided reservation for SC/ST in the Provincial Assemblies. Reservation in its current form owes its origin to the Viceroy’s Order of 1943 that provided for reservations in government jobs and education.
If you really see, Reservation was a promise made to the marginalized on the eve of independence and the philosophy of reservation is embedded in the annihilation of the caste system. However, the caste system has not been eradicated till now. The few privileged and affluent people whose status got lifted by the reservation system formed the ‘creamy layer’ of these backward castes. They started enjoying all the perks of this reservation/quota for entry into education, jobs and promotions, while the masses continued to remain underprivileged and poor. They had influence over the vote bank of their respective castes and hence all Governments closed their eyes to this privileged creamy layer within SC/ST and OBC classes. Hence, the reservations continued to swell with time.
Constitutional Status
The Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) were able to avail reservations soon after Independence, it took little longer for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs). With a constitutional amendment in 1995, reservations were made available to SCs and STs in matters of promotions, as well.
Article 334 of the Constitution had originally stated the reservation of elected seats to cease in 1960, but this was extended to 1970 by the 8th Amendment. The 95th Amendment extended the period of reservation to 2020. The period of reservation was further extended to 2030 by the 104th Amendment. Vote bank politics forces all Governments to keep extending the same.
The 93rd Constitutional Amendment Act which came into force in 2006 paved the way for reservations in private institutions. 15% and 7.5% of positions in Central Government jobs are reserved for SCs and STs respectively, while 27 percent are for OBCs. The same percentage also applies to seats in central education Institutions. Thanks to Supreme Court of India, which has ruled that all forms of reservations should not exceed 50% of the total vacancies. However, the judgment also pointed out that while 50 percent shall be the rule, there could be certain extraordinary situations that call for relaxation of the rule. All political parties are now trying to exploit this by promising reservations to more and more castes and securing votes.
Clamour for More
Several groups including the Patidars in Gujarat, Jats in Haryana, Gurjars in Rajasthan and Marathas in Maharashtra have in the recent past violently agitated for their inclusion in the state reservation quotas. When they couldn’t fight the reservation system, upper castes started agrowing demand for some reservations based on economic condition irrespective of castes. Not to annoy the upper caste vote-bank, various political parties started the ‘appeasement of vote bank’ policies. The nation be damned. Reservation for so-called upper castes in the name of EWS (Economically Weaker Section) was attempted first by the Congress government in 1991 and then finally, the BJP government did it in 2019.
On January 13 2019, the President gave his approval to 10% reservation for EWS in higher educational institutions as well as in initial appointments in government services. In popular parlance, this is being bandied as ‘Upper-Caste Reservation.’ With the addition of 10 percent for EWS, as per the latest Constitutional Amendment Bill, the percentage of reservations in central government services and educational institutions will go up to 59.5 %.
The System Failure
The continuation of caste based reservations even after 75 years is serving no purpose to the national growth and improvement of the society. The current policy fails to achieve its purpose of giving equal opportunity to everyone, because they act as psychological crutches to the backward castes, thus weakening them. In real terms, there is no abolishment of caste system. Instead, the disparity increases because of antagonistic attitudes on both sides. The members of lower classes still feel that they do not have sufficient representation and the members of upper classes feel that in spite of their merits, they do not have the same opportunities.
The caste system and discrimination has persisted in spite of the reserved quotas. Reverse discrimination is widespread and everyone wants to take total advantage of the existing system. These candidates were not meritorious enough to make it to college, so were given admission on the basis of their being SC/ST/OBC; even a college admission did not make them any smarter and so they needed a jobs-quota after that. And now, in the case of SC/ST, it appears that getting a job through a quota didn’t make them any smarter or improve their skills, which is why the government continues to push for quotas for promotions. The reservation is promoting mediocrity in the Indian society, polity, and governance today.
Merit: The Sole Criteria
If the nation wants to progress well and emerge as a fast developing economy, we need to recognize and promote the best. In our pursuit of excellence in all spheres, merit should be the only criteria for admissions, jobs and promotions.
The Supreme Court ruled against the idea of “a communal reservation”, saying the policy of quota is not intended at denying meritorious candidates job opportunities even if they belong to reserved categories. The Supreme Court Bench has also said that merit and not reservation should be the sole criteria in filling up positions in certain super specialty jobs. In such situations, it may not be advisable to provide for reservations. Unfortunately, there is no political party/organization that is interested in doing away with reservations; on the contrary, they are trying to perpetuate it further.
On March 19, 2021, the Supreme Court asked: “For how many generations would reservations in jobs and education continue?” Is this a difficult question to answer? In the name of caste based reservations, aren’t we underpinning excellence and promoting mediocrity. This question often haunts me and such well-meaning nationalists that how long this caste based reservation system will continue?
Conclusion
We should provide financial assistance and ample opportunities to study, grow and elevate the social status of the all underprivileged classes. It’s prudent to highlight that it should not be based on religion, caste or creed which are decided by birth. It is recommended that special facilities and help should be given to poor children of all castes (even upper castes) or religions, to ensure them a level playing field. However, the merit should not be compromised for selection into educational institutions, jobs and promotions. Then only true secular values of our country and excellence in governance will be projected, in the world.
If this is not done, the people who are adversely affected by reservations will breed contempt for India as a State, although they will love India as their country. I fear that frustrated at being constantly deprived, in spite of performing better than those benefited by reservations, upper caste groups may start protests like the days of Mandal Commission implementation. It may well be impossible for all to thwart such a demand. Such a policy of favoring persons on the basis of their birth will surely pave the way for deep inter-caste hatred and balkanisation of India, which we need to avoid, at all costs. Prime Minister Narendra Modi is known to take hard decisions like abrogation of Article 370. Keeping the ‘Nation First’ Policy in mind , I am sure all political parties will rise above petty vote-bank politics and say ‘NO’ to caste based reservations, very soon.
-The writer is a veteran of Indian Army. Views expressed are personal and do not necessarily reflect the views of Raksha Anirveda. He can be contacted at www.majgencpsingh.com
